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cancer council Understanding Brain Tumours

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 Understanding Brain Tumours A guide for people with brain or spinal cord tumours, their families and friends Understanding Brain Tumours A guide for people with brain or spinal cord tumours, their families and friends  First published January 1995. This edition May 2022. © Cancer Council Australia. ISBN 978 0 6452847 5 1  Understanding Brain Tumours is reviewed approximately every two years. Check the publication date above to ensure this copy is up to date.  Editor: Ruth Sheard. Designer: Eleonora Pelosi. Printer: IVE Group Acknowledgements  This edition has been developed by Cancer Council NSW on behalf of all other state and territory Cancer Councils as part of a National Cancer Information Subcommittee initiative. We thank the reviewers of this booklet: A/Prof Lindy Jeffree, Neurosurgeon, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, QLD; Emma Daly, Neuro-oncology Clinical Nurse Consultant, Cabrini Health, VIC; A/Prof Andrew Davidson, Neurosurgeon, Victori...
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Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2019-2020(part 1)

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 Breast Cancer Risk Factors The most well-established risk factors for breast cancer are summarized in Table 4. It is estimated that about one-third of postmenopausal breast cancers are linked to potentially modifiable factors, including postmenopausal obesity, physical inactivity, use of combined estrogen and progestin menopausal hormones, alcohol consumption, and not breastfeeding.48 Many risk factors (early menarche, late menopause, obesity, and hormone use) affect lifetime exposure of breast tissue to hormones. Hormones are thought to influence breast cancer risk by increasing cell division, thereby increasing the likelihood of DNA damage, as well as promoting cancer growth. Although exposures that influence risk accumulate throughout a woman’s life, research suggests that earlylife exposures during breast development may be particularly critical.49 Many established risk factors for breast cancer are specifically associated with HR+/ luminal breast cancer; less ...
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Immune system (part 2)

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Immune system  (part 2)  Dendritic cells (DC) • are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment; therefore, they are located mainly in the skin, nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines  • named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites, as both have many spine-like projections, but dendritic cells are in no way connected to the nervous system  • serve as a link between the bodily tissues and the innate and adaptive immune systems, as they present antigen to T cells, one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system    CELLS OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY  • Lymphoid Lineage                   – Large lymphocytes (large granular lymphocytes)                      • Natural killer (NK) cells (CD16, CD56)                      • Inn...
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