"دليلك للصحة والنظافة"

Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2019-2020  What is breast cancer?  Breast cancer is a group of diseases in which cells in breast tissue change and divide uncontrolled, typically resulting in a lump or mass. Most breast cancers begin in the lobules (milk glands) or in the ducts that connect the lobules to the nipple.  What are the signs and symptoms of breast cancer?  Breast cancer typically has no symptoms when the tumor is small and most easily treated, which is why screening is important for early detection. The most common physical sign is a painless lump. Sometimes breast cancer spreads to underarm lymph nodes and causes a lump or swelling, even before the original breast tumor is large enough to be felt. Less common signs and symptoms include breast pain or heaviness; persistent changes, such as swelling, thickening, or redness of the skin; and nipple changes, such as spontaneous discharge (especially if bloody), scaliness, or retraction. Any pe...

 Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2019-2020 Breast Cancer Treatment Treatment decisions are made jointly by the patient and the physician after consideration of the stage and biological characteristics of the cancer, the patient’s age, menopausal status, and preferences, and the risks and benefits associated with each option.  Ductal carcinoma in situ  Since there is currently no certain way to determine the progressive potential of a DCIS lesion, surgery and sometimes radiation and/or hormonal therapy are the usual course of action following a diagnosis of DCIS. However, there is likely a group of patients that could safely forgo surgical treatment for DCIS.192 Several clinical trials are currently underway that are comparing standard treatment to active monitoring (with optional hormonal therapy) in women with “low-risk” DCIS.6 Ongoing research also seeks to identify molecular markers of DCIS that could predict recurrence or progression to invasive cance...

 Breast Cancer Risk Factors The most well-established risk factors for breast cancer are summarized in Table 4. It is estimated that about one-third of postmenopausal breast cancers are linked to potentially modifiable factors, including postmenopausal obesity, physical inactivity, use of combined estrogen and progestin menopausal hormones, alcohol consumption, and not breastfeeding.48 Many risk factors (early menarche, late menopause, obesity, and hormone use) affect lifetime exposure of breast tissue to hormones. Hormones are thought to influence breast cancer risk by increasing cell division, thereby increasing the likelihood of DNA damage, as well as promoting cancer growth. Although exposures that influence risk accumulate throughout a woman’s life, research suggests that earlylife exposures during breast development may be particularly critical.49 Many established risk factors for breast cancer are specifically associated with HR+/ luminal breast cancer; less ...